{"id":13503,"date":"2026-01-20T16:10:17","date_gmt":"2026-01-20T16:10:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ipsenglobal.com\/?post_type=knowledge-center&p=13503"},"modified":"2026-03-11T16:24:17","modified_gmt":"2026-03-11T16:24:17","slug":"hardening-and-heat-treating","status":"publish","type":"knowledge-center","link":"https:\/\/ipsenglobal.com\/es\/knowledge-center\/hardening-and-heat-treating\/","title":{"rendered":"Endurecimiento mediante tratamiento t\u00e9rmico: C\u00f3mo adquieren resistencia y durabilidad los metales"},"content":{"rendered":"
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En Escala de dureza Rockwell<\/strong> es una medida de la resistencia de un material a la penetraci\u00f3n o a la deformaci\u00f3n permanente cuando se enfrenta a la fuerza de otro material. Penetraciones<\/strong> incluyen roturas superficiales, como perforaciones o ara\u00f1azos. Deformaciones permanentes<\/strong> incluyen abolladuras, dobleces o fracturas por compresi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Al mecanizar una herramienta met\u00e1lica, como una matriz o una herramienta de corte, la materia prima debe ser lo suficientemente maleable como para poder cortarla o darle la forma funcional final. Los mejores materiales en esta fase del proceso tendr\u00edan un \u00edndice de dureza Rockwell inferior al de las herramientas de corte y conformado utilizadas para darles forma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Una vez que una pieza ha alcanzado su forma final, debe ser lo suficientemente dura como para mantener esa forma durante toda su vida \u00fatil. Por ejemplo, las superficies de los pistones de un motor deben ser lo suficientemente duras como para soportar miles de millones de peque\u00f1as explosiones y la fricci\u00f3n del movimiento dentro de los cilindros del motor durante toda su vida \u00fatil. Estos materiales deben tener una alta calificaci\u00f3n en la escala de dureza Rockwell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endurecimiento<\/strong>, El tratamiento t\u00e9rmico es el paso crucial que hace que los materiales met\u00e1licos pasen de ser maleables y mecanizables a duraderos y resistentes a la penetraci\u00f3n y la deformaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El endurecimiento por tratamiento t\u00e9rmico toma una pieza met\u00e1lica y le aplica calor suficiente para transformar su interior. estructura reticular cristalina<\/strong> (v\u00e9ase el recuadro), <\/em>haci\u00e9ndola m\u00e1s resistente a la penetraci\u00f3n y la deformaci\u00f3n. El proceso da lugar a una estructura interna de la red cristalina que tiene menos y m\u00e1s cortos planos de corte<\/strong>.2<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Planos de cizalladura<\/strong>, <\/strong>ocasionalmente tambi\u00e9n conocido como splanos labiales<\/em>, son zonas dentro de un material s\u00f3lido en las que grupos de \u00e1tomos o mol\u00e9culas pueden deslizarse f\u00e1cilmente unos sobre otros. Esos planos de cizalladura representan puntos d\u00e9biles, donde es m\u00e1s probable que se produzcan deformaciones o penetraciones.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"crystalline
Fig. 1 - Fuente: <\/em>Flexbooks<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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La estructura cristalina del metal<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Todos los elementos met\u00e1licos conocidos, excepto el mercurio, son s\u00f3lidos y cristalinos a temperatura ambiente. Los metales y sus aleaciones tienen una fuerte tendencia a cristalizar, con \u00e1tomos dispuestos en patrones ordenados y repetitivos en lugar de aleatoriamente.

La estructura cristalina de la mayor\u00eda de los metales a temperatura ambiente es de tres tipos: c\u00fabica centrada en el cuerpo (BCC), c\u00fabica centrada en la cara (FCC) o hexagonal compacta (HCP).1 <\/sup>

Estas estructuras cristalinas influyen en la facilidad con la que los \u00e1tomos pueden moverse entre s\u00ed, lo que a su vez afecta a la resistencia, la ductilidad y el comportamiento de deformaci\u00f3n del metal cuando se aplica una fuerza.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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\"sheer
Fig. 2 - Fuente: <\/em>Estudio sobre la fabricaci\u00f3n de barras deformadas en Elite Iron and Steel Industries, Razin Sazzad Molla<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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\u00bfCu\u00e1l es la diferencia entre cementaci\u00f3n en caja y temple r\u00e1pido?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Existen dos m\u00e9todos de endurecimiento que los tratadores t\u00e9rmicos utilizan con frecuencia para aumentar la dureza de los metales. cementaci\u00f3n<\/strong> y endurecimiento por enfriamiento<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cementaci\u00f3n<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
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La cementaci\u00f3n es la difusi\u00f3n de uno o m\u00e1s elementos a altas temperaturas en un metal. Estos elementos alteran la uniformidad de una red cristalina, lo que puede cambiar la forma de una l\u00ednea o plano plano en un material uniforme a algo m\u00e1s dentado.3<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Estos procesos se utilizan con mayor frecuencia con metales f\u00e9rricos como el acero. La carburaci\u00f3n, la nitruraci\u00f3n y la carbonitruraci\u00f3n son las versiones m\u00e1s comunes de la cementaci\u00f3n en caja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La mayor parte del endurecimiento se produce en hornos de atm\u00f3sfera<\/a>, como un Atlas Ipsen<\/a> horno. Las piezas entran en el horno y se calientan a una temperatura en la que el gas de proceso puede difundir elementos como carbono, nitr\u00f3geno, o ambos, en la superficie met\u00e1lica de las piezas. Para ello, se introducen en el sistema gases de proceso como acetileno, amoniaco, di\u00f3xido de carbono o mon\u00f3xido de carbono. A veces, se introduce hidr\u00f3geno para eliminar los \u00f3xidos superficiales y conseguir una uni\u00f3n m\u00e1s eficaz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hay algunos casos en los que la cementaci\u00f3n requiere el uso de un horno de vac\u00edo<\/a>. Algunos ejemplos son las piezas que exigen una gran limpieza, que requieren una dureza uniforme en profundidad o que tienen geometr\u00edas complejas. Uno de estos m\u00e9todos de cementaci\u00f3n en un horno de vac\u00edo es el siguiente Ipsen Avac\u00ae<\/sup><\/a> carburaci\u00f3n a baja presi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \n Solicite un presupuesto para un horno de vac\u00edo o atmosf\u00e9rico <\/a>\n <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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\"\"
Fig. 3 - Fuente: <\/em>El fabricante<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Endurecimiento por enfriamiento r\u00e1pido<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

El endurecimiento por enfriamiento r\u00e1pido no se consigue a\u00f1adiendo material a un metal, sino elevando la temperatura del metal hasta que la estructura de la red cristalina alcanza el estado de austenita y, a continuaci\u00f3n, enfriando r\u00e1pidamente el material hasta que se asienta en un estado cristalino de martensita. Este proceso de enfriamiento debe ser lo suficientemente r\u00e1pido para evitar la formaci\u00f3n de otras estructuras cristalinas, como la ferrita, la perlita y la bainita.4<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

El templado en caliente puede realizarse tanto en hornos de vac\u00edo como en hornos de atm\u00f3sfera, aunque s\u00f3lo las aleaciones con altos niveles de elementos de aleaci\u00f3n pueden templarse en vac\u00edo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El templado en caliente puede realizarse utilizando una soluci\u00f3n l\u00edquida de templado, como aceite, sal o agua, o con un gas no reactivo de alta presi\u00f3n en circulaci\u00f3n, como arg\u00f3n o nitr\u00f3geno. Aunque algunos hornos de vac\u00edo, como el Ipsen LOG<\/strong> Horno<\/strong>5<\/sup>, La mayor\u00eda de los hornos de vac\u00edo s\u00f3lo utilizan gas a presi\u00f3n para el enfriamiento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hornos de vac\u00edo de temple gas<\/a> se clasifican normalmente por su capacidad de presi\u00f3n. La mayor\u00eda de los hornos Ipsen pueden ofrecer una presi\u00f3n de enfriamiento de gas de entre 2 bares y 20 bares. Como orientaci\u00f3n, triplicar la presi\u00f3n puede reducir el tiempo de temple a la mitad; el gas tiene m\u00e1s mol\u00e9culas para absorber el calor de las piezas y de la c\u00e1mara. Sin embargo, a partir de cierto punto, el temple con gas a alta presi\u00f3n no puede alcanzar la velocidad de un temple con l\u00edquido con la misma eficacia o eficiencia, raz\u00f3n por la cual las presiones de temple con gas rara vez superan los 20 bares.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"hardening\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button>
Fig. 4 - Fuente: <\/em>Transformaci\u00f3n Endurecimiento - nuclear-power.com<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Ipsen
Fig. 5 - Horno Ipsen LOG<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

La dureza no es tenacidad: \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 es tan importante el revenido?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Maximizar la dureza de un material no siempre es la mejor soluci\u00f3n para una larga vida \u00fatil. Los metales demasiado duros, sobre todo los de secci\u00f3n transversal fina, pueden volverse quebradizos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Por eso, muchos procesos de endurecimiento requieren un segundo templado<\/strong> proceso. El templado calienta las piezas a temperaturas subcr\u00edticas y, a continuaci\u00f3n, aplica un proceso de enfriamiento m\u00e1s lento. Este proceso reduce ligeramente la dureza al tiempo que libera las tensiones y las grietas microsc\u00f3picas que pueden formarse durante un enfriamiento r\u00e1pido o un proceso de temple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El templado reduce la fragilidad y aumenta la tenacidad de la pieza, permitiendo la flexibilidad suficiente en la red cristalina para que la pieza recupere su forma tras aplicar una fuerza de compresi\u00f3n o punci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dado que los ciclos de templado suelen ser m\u00e1s largos que los de endurecimiento, los tratadores t\u00e9rmicos suelen ejecutar las recetas de templado en hornos separados para maximizar el rendimiento global de la producci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Si desea saber m\u00e1s sobre la metalurgia del temple y el tratamiento t\u00e9rmico, participe en un pr\u00f3ximo Ipsen U<\/a> clase.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si busca un horno para sus necesidades de temple, p\u00f3ngase en contacto con <\/em>sales@ipsenusa.com<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La escala de dureza Rockwell mide la resistencia de un material a la penetraci\u00f3n o a la deformaci\u00f3n permanente cuando se ve sometido a la fuerza de otro material. Las penetraciones incluyen roturas superficiales, como punzones o<\/p>","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_tec_requires_first_save":true,"_searchwp_excluded":"","_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"_tribe_blocks_recurrence_rules":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_description":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_exclusions":"","_ecp_custom_2":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13503","knowledge-center","type-knowledge-center","status-publish","hentry","category-technical-article"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHardening 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